п≤п╫я└п╬я─п╪п╟я├п╦я▐ п╬ п╡я▀п©я┐я│п╨п╣ Debian GNU/Linux 3.1 (`sarge') п╢п╩я▐ п╟я─я┘п╦я┌п╣п╨я┌я┐я─я▀ Alpha
Глава 4 - Upgrades from previous releases

4.1 Preparing for the upgrade

п÷п╣я─п╣п╢ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣п╪ п╫п╟я│я┌п╬я▐я┌п╣п╩я▄п╫п╬ я─п╣п╨п╬п╪п╣п╫п╢я┐п╣я┌я│я▐ я│п╢п╣п╩п╟я┌я▄ я─п╣п╥п╣я─п╡п╫я┐я▌ п╨п╬п©п╦я▌ п╡я│п╣п╧ я│п╦я│я┌п╣п╪я▀ п╦п╩п╦, п©п╬ п╨я─п╟п╧п╫п╣п╧ п╪п╣я─п╣, п╡я│п╣я┘ п╢п╟п╫п╫я▀я┘ п╦ п╫п╟я│я┌я─п╬п╣п╨, п╨п╬я┌п╬я─я▀п╣ п╡я▀ п╫п╣ я┘п╬я┌п╦я┌п╣ п©п╬я┌п╣я─я▐я┌я▄. п≤п╫я│я┌я─я┐п╪п╣п╫я┌я▀ п╢п╩я▐ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦я▐ п╦ я│п╟п╪ п©я─п╬я├п╣я│я│ п╢п╬я│я┌п╟я┌п╬я┤п╫п╬ п╫п╟п╢я▒п╤п╫я▀, п╫п╬ я│п╠п╬п╧ п╟п©п©п╟я─п╟я┌п╫п╬пЁп╬ п╬п╠п╣я│п©п╣я┤п╣п╫п╦я▐ п╡ я┘п╬п╢п╣ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦я▐ п╪п╬п╤п╣я┌ п©я─п╦п╡п╣я│я┌п╦ п╨ я│п╣я─я▄я▒п╥п╫п╬п╪я┐ п©п╬п╡я─п╣п╤п╢п╣п╫п╦я▌ я│п╦я│я┌п╣п╪я▀.

п▓ п©п╣я─п╡я┐я▌ п╬я┤п╣я─п╣п╢я▄ п╫п╣п╬п╠я┘п╬п╢п╦п╪п╬ я│п╬я┘я─п╟п╫п╦я┌я▄ я─п╣п╥п╣я─п╡п╫я▀п╣ п╨п╬п©п╦п╦ я│п╬п╢п╣я─п╤п╦п╪п╬пЁп╬ п╨п╟я┌п╟п╩п╬пЁп╬п╡ /etc п╦ /var/lib/dpkg, п╟ я┌п╟п╨п╤п╣ п╡я▀п╡п╬п╢ п╨п╬п╪п╟п╫п╢я▀ dpkg --get-selections \*.

It's wise to inform all users in advance of any upgrades you're planning, although users accessing your system via SSH (at least) shouldn't notice much during the upgrade, and may want to continue working. If you wish to take extra precautions, back up or unmount user's partitions (/home) before upgrading. A reboot will not normally be necessary, unless you plan to also upgrade your kernel.

п·п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣ п╢п╦я│я┌я─п╦п╠я┐я┌п╦п╡п╟ п╡п╬п╥п╪п╬п╤п╫п╬ п╨п╟п╨ я│ п╩п╬п╨п╟п╩я▄п╫п╬п╧ п╨п╬п╫я│п╬п╩п╦ (п╦п╩п╦ п©п╬п╢п╨п╩я▌я┤я▒п╫п╫п╬пЁп╬ п╫п╟п©я─я▐п╪я┐я▌ п©п╬я│п╩п╣п╢п╬п╡п╟я┌п╣п╩я▄п╫п╬пЁп╬ я┌п╣я─п╪п╦п╫п╟п╩п╟), я┌п╟п╨ п╦ я┐п╢п╟п╩я▒п╫п╫п╬ я┤п╣я─п╣п╥ п╨п╟п╫п╟п╩ ssh.

п▓п╫п╦п╪п╟п╫п╦п╣! п²п╦ п╡ п╨п╬п╣п╪ я│п╩я┐я┤п╟п╣ п╫п╣ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩я▐п╧я┌п╣ я│п╦я│я┌п╣п╪я┐ я┤п╣я─п╣п╥ telnet, rlogin, rsh п╦п╩п╦ п╦п╥ пЁя─п╟я└п╦я┤п╣я│п╨п╬пЁп╬ я│п╣п╟п╫я│п╟ п©п╬п╢ я┐п©я─п╟п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣п╪ xdm, gdm, kdm п╦ я┌.п╢., п╥п╟п©я┐я┴п╣п╫п╫п╬пЁп╬ п╫п╟ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩я▐п╣п╪п╬п╧ я│п╦я│я┌п╣п╪п╣. п╜я┌п╬ я│п╡я▐п╥п╟п╫п╬ я│ я┌п╣п╪, я┤я┌п╬ п╡я│п╣ я█я┌п╦ я│п╣я─п╡п╣я─я▀ п╪п╬пЁя┐я┌ п╠я▀я┌я▄ п©п╣я─п╣п╥п╟п©я┐я┴п╣п╫я▀ п©я─п╦ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╦, я┤я┌п╬ п╪п╬п╤п╣я┌ п©я─п╦п╡п╣я│я┌п╦ п╨ п╫п╣п╢п╬я│я┌я┐п©п╫п╬я│я┌п╦ я│п╦я│я┌п╣п╪я▀, п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩я▒п╫п╫п╬п╧ я┌п╬п╩я▄п╨п╬ п╫п╟п©п╬п╩п╬п╡п╦п╫я┐.

п÷я─п╬п╦п╥п╡п╬п╢п╦я┌я▄ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣ я─п╣п╨п╬п╪п╣п╫п╢я┐п╣я┌я│я▐ я│ п©п╬п╪п╬я┴я▄я▌ apritude, п╨п╟п╨ п╬п©п╦я│п╟п╫п╬ п╡ п╢п╟п╫п╫п╬п╪ п╢п╬п╨я┐п╪п╣п╫я┌п╣. п▓я│я┌я─п╬п╣п╫п╫я▀п╧ п╟п╫п╟п╩п╦п╥ п╥п╟п╡п╦я│п╦п╪п╬я│я┌п╣п╧ п╢п╣п╩п╟п╣я┌ п©я─п╬я├п╣я│я│ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦я▐ п╢п╬я│я┌п╟я┌п╬я┤п╫п╬ п╩я▒пЁп╨п╦п╪ п╦ п©я─п╬я│я┌я▀п╪.

пёя│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╨п╟ п╩я▌п╠п╬пЁп╬ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╟ п╢п╬п╩п╤п╫п╟ п©я─п╬п╦п╥п╡п╬п╢п╦я┌я▄я│я▐ я│ п©я─п╦п╡п╦п╩п╣пЁп╦я▐п╪п╦ я│я┐п©п╣я─п©п╬п╩я▄п╥п╬п╡п╟я┌п╣п╩я▐. п÷п╬я█я┌п╬п╪я┐ п╡я▀ п╢п╬п╩п╤п╫я▀ п╩п╦п╠п╬ п╡п╬п╧я┌п╦ п╡ я│п╦я│я┌п╣п╪я┐ п©п╬п╢ п╦п╪п╣п╫п╣п╪ я│я┐п©п╣я─п©п╬п╩я▄п╥п╬п╡п╟я┌п╣п╩я▐ (root), п╩п╦п╠п╬ п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥п╬п╡п╟я┌я▄ п©я─п╬пЁя─п╟п╪п╪я▀ su п╦п╩п╦ sudo.

First the aptitude package needs to be installed. This is done with:

     apt-get install aptitude

Provided that you have a working APT configuration this will install the woody version of aptitude.

4.1.1 Disabling APT pinning

If you have configured APT to install certain packages from a distribution other than stable (e.g. from testing), you may have to change your APT pinning configuration (stored in /etc/apt/preferences) to allow the upgrade of packages to the versions in the new stable release. Further information on APT pinning can be found in apt_preferences(5).

4.1.2 Checking packages status

Regardless of the method used for upgrading, it is recommended that you check the status of all packages first, and verify that all packages are in an upgradable state. The following command will show any packages which have a status of Half-Installed or Failed-Config, and those with any error status.

     # dpkg --audit

You could also inspect the state of all packages on your system using dselect, aptitude, or with commands such as

     # dpkg -l | pager

or

     # dpkg --get-selections > ~/curr-pkgs.txt

It is desirable to remove any holds before upgrading. If any package that is essential for the upgrade is on hold, the upgrade will fail. You can identify packages on hold with

     # dpkg --audit

If you changed and recompiled a package locally, and didn't rename it or put an epoch in the version, you must put it on hold to prevent it from being upgraded. The `hold' package state can be changed by using aptitude. With

     aptitude hold | unhold <package>

4.2 Preparing sources for APT

п÷п╣я─п╣п╢ п╫п╟я┤п╟п╩п╬п╪ п©я─п╬я├п╣я│я│п╟ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦я▐ п╡я▀ п╢п╬п╩п╤п╫я▀ п╫п╟я│я┌я─п╬п╦я┌я▄ я└п╟п╧п╩ п╨п╬п╫я└п╦пЁя┐я─п╟я├п╦п╦ apt /etc/apt/sources.list.

п÷я─п╬пЁя─п╟п╪п╪п╟ apt п©я─п╦ п╥п╟п©я─п╬я│п╣ п╫п╟ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╨я┐ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╟ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╦я┌ п╫п╟п╦п╡я▀я│я┬я┐я▌ п╡п╣я─я│п╦я▌ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╟ п╦п╥ я┌п╣я┘, п╨п╬я┌п╬я─я▀п╣ п╪п╬п╤п╫п╬ п╫п╟п╧я┌п╦ п╡ п╦я│я┌п╬я┤п╫п╦п╨п╟я┘, я│п╬п╬я┌п╡п╣я┌я│я┌п╡я┐я▌я┴п╦я┘ я│я┌я─п╬п╨п╟п╪ deb я█я┌п╬пЁп╬ я└п╟п╧п╩п╟. п÷я─п╦ я─п╟п╡п╫я▀я┘ п╡п╣я─я│п╦я▐я┘ п©я─п╦п╬я─п╦я┌п╣я┌ п╠я┐п╢я┐я┌ п╦п╪п╣я┌я▄ я│я┌я─п╬п╨п╦, п╫п╟я┘п╬п╢я▐я┴п╦п╣я│я▐ п╡ я└п╟п╧п╩п╣ п╡я▀я┬п╣ (я┌п╟п╨п╦п╪ п╬п╠я─п╟п╥п╬п╪, п╡ я│п╩я┐я┤п╟п╣ п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥п╬п╡п╟п╫п╦я▐ п╫п╣я│п╨п╬п╩я▄п╨п╦я┘ п╥п╣я─п╨п╟п╩ п╬п╠я▀я┤п╫п╬ п╩я┐я┤я┬п╣ п©п╣я─п╡я▀п╪ я┐п╨п╟п╥п╟я┌я▄ п╨п╟я┌п╟п╩п╬пЁ п╫п╟ п╩п╬п╨п╟п╩я▄п╫п╬п╪ п╤я▒я│я┌п╨п╬п╪ п╢п╦я│п╨п╣, п╥п╟я┌п╣п╪ п╨п╬п╪п©п╟п╨я┌-п╢п╦я│п╨ п╦, п╫п╟п╨п╬п╫п╣я├, п╥п╣я─п╨п╟п╩п╟ HTTP/FTP).

4.2.1 Adding APT Internet sources

п п╬п╫я└п╦пЁя┐я─п╟я├п╦я▐ п©п╬ я┐п╪п╬п╩я┤п╟п╫п╦я▌ п©п╬п╥п╡п╬п╩я▐п╣я┌ п©я─п╬п╦п╥п╡п╣я│я┌п╦ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╨я┐ я│ пЁп╩п╟п╡п╫я▀я┘ я│п╣я─п╡п╣я─п╬п╡ Debian, п╫п╬ п╡я▀ п╪п╬п╤п╣я┌п╣ п╦п╥п╪п╣п╫п╦я┌я▄ я└п╟п╧п╩ /etc/apt/sources.list п╦ п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥п╬п╡п╟я┌я▄ п╢я─я┐пЁп╦п╣ п╥п╣я─п╨п╟п╩п╟. п⌡я┐я┤я┬п╣ п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥п╬п╡п╟я┌я▄ п╠п╩п╦п╤п╟п╧я┬п╣п╣ п╨ п╡п╟п╪ (п╡ я│п╪я▀я│п╩п╣ я│п╨п╬я─п╬я│я┌п╦ п©п╣я─п╣п╢п╟я┤п╦ п╢п╟п╫п╫я▀я┘) п╥п╣я─п╨п╟п╩п╬.

п░п╢я─п╣я│п╟ HTTP- п╦ FTP-п╥п╣я─п╨п╟п╩ Debian п╪п╬п╤п╫п╬ п╫п╟п╧я┌п╦ п©п╬ п╟п╢я─п╣я│я┐ http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist (я│п╪. я─п╟п╥п╢п╣п╩ "п÷п╬п╩п╫я▀п╧ я│п©п╦я│п╬п╨ п╥п╣я─п╨п╟п╩"). HTTP-п╥п╣я─п╨п╟п╩п╟ п╬п╠я▀я┤п╫п╬ п╠я▀я│я┌я─п╣п╣, я┤п╣п╪ FTP.

For example, suppose your closest Debian mirror is http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/. When inspecting that mirror with a web browser or FTP program, you will notice that the main directories are organized like this:

     http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/dists/stable/main/binary-alpha/...
     http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian/dists/stable/contrib/binary-alpha/...

To use this mirror with apt, you add this line to your sources.list file:

     deb http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian sarge main contrib

п·п╠я─п╟я┌п╦я┌п╣ п╡п╫п╦п╪п╟п╫п╦п╣ п╫п╟ я┌п╬, я┤я┌п╬ `dists' п╢п╬п╠п╟п╡п╩я▐п╣я┌я│я▐ п╟п╡я┌п╬п╪п╟я┌п╦я┤п╣я│п╨п╦, п╟ п©п╟я─п╟п╪п╣я┌я─я▀ п©п╬я│п╩п╣ п╦п╪п╣п╫п╦ п╡я▀п©я┐я│п╨п╟ п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥я┐я▌я┌я│я▐ п╢п╩я▐ п╢п╬п©п╬п╩п╫п╣п╫п╦я▐ я│п╣я┌п╣п╡п╬пЁп╬ п©я┐я┌п╦ п╢п╬ я─п╣п╟п╩я▄п╫я▀я┘ п╨п╟я┌п╟п╩п╬пЁп╬п╡.

п÷п╬я│п╩п╣ я┌п╬пЁп╬, п╨п╟п╨ п╡я▀ п╢п╬п╠п╟п╡п╦п╩п╦ п╫п╬п╡я▀п╧ п╦я│я┌п╬я┤п╫п╦п╨, п╬я┌п╨п╩я▌я┤п╦я┌п╣ п©я─п╦я│я┐я┌я│я┌п╡п╬п╡п╟п╡я┬п╦п╣ я─п╟п╫п╣п╣ п╡ я└п╟п╧п╩п╣ sources.list я│я┌я─п╬п╨п╦ deb, п©п╬я│я┌п╟п╡п╦п╡ п╡ п╫п╟я┤п╟п╩п╣ п╨п╟п╤п╢п╬п╧ я│я┌я─п╬п╨п╦ п╥п╫п╟п╨ п╢п╦п╣п╥п╟ (#).

п▓я│п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌я▀, я┌я─п╣п╠я┐п╣п╪я▀п╣ п╢п╩я▐ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╨п╦, п©п╬я│п╩п╣ п╥п╟пЁя─я┐п╥п╨п╦ п╦п╥ я│п╣я┌п╦ я─п╟п╥п╪п╣я┴п╟я▌я┌я│я▐ п╡ п╨п╟я┌п╟п╩п╬пЁп╣ /var/cache/apt/archives (п╡п╬ п╡я─п╣п╪я▐ п╥п╟пЁя─я┐п╥п╨п╦ -- п╡ п©п╬п╢п╨п╟я┌п╟п╩п╬пЁп╣ partial/), п©п╬я█я┌п╬п╪я┐ п©п╣я─п╣п╢ п╫п╟я┤п╟п╩п╬п╪ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╨п╦ п╡я▀ п╢п╬п╩п╤п╫я▀ я┐п╠п╣п╢п╦я┌я▄я│я▐ п╡ я┌п╬п╪, я┤я┌п╬ я┌п╟п╪ п╢п╬я│я┌п╟я┌п╬я┤п╫п╬ п╪п╣я│я┌п╟. п■п╩я▐ п╬п╠я▀я┤п╫п╬п╧ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╨п╦ п©п╬п╫п╟п╢п╬п╠п╦я┌я│я▐ п©я─п╦п╠п╩п╦п╥п╦я┌п╣п╩я▄п╫п╬ 300п°п▒ п╢п╦я│п╨п╬п╡п╬пЁп╬ п©я─п╬я│я┌я─п╟п╫я│я┌п╡п╟.

4.2.2 Adding APT sources for a local mirror

Instead of using HTTP or FTP packages mirrors, you may wish to modify /etc/apt/sources.list to use a mirror on a local disk (possibly mounted over NFS).

For example, your packages mirror may be under /var/ftp/debian/, and have main directories like this:

     /var/ftp/debian/dists/stable/main/binary-alpha/...
     /var/ftp/debian/dists/stable/contrib/binary-alpha/...

To use this with apt, add this line to your sources.list file:

     deb file:/var/ftp/debian stable main contrib

п·п╠я─п╟я┌п╦я┌п╣ п╡п╫п╦п╪п╟п╫п╦п╣ п╫п╟ я┌п╬, я┤я┌п╬ `dists' п╢п╬п╠п╟п╡п╩я▐п╣я┌я│я▐ п╟п╡я┌п╬п╪п╟я┌п╦я┤п╣я│п╨п╦, п╟ п©п╟я─п╟п╪п╣я┌я─я▀ п©п╬я│п╩п╣ п╦п╪п╣п╫п╦ п╡я▀п©я┐я│п╨п╟ п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥я┐я▌я┌я│я▐ п╢п╩я▐ п╢п╬п©п╬п╩п╫п╣п╫п╦я▐ я│п╣я┌п╣п╡п╬пЁп╬ п©я┐я┌п╦ п╢п╬ я─п╣п╟п╩я▄п╫я▀я┘ п╨п╟я┌п╟п╩п╬пЁп╬п╡.

п÷п╬я│п╩п╣ я┌п╬пЁп╬, п╨п╟п╨ п╡я▀ п╢п╬п╠п╟п╡п╦п╩п╦ п╫п╬п╡я▀п╧ п╦я│я┌п╬я┤п╫п╦п╨, п╬я┌п╨п╩я▌я┤п╦я┌п╣ п©я─п╦я│я┐я┌я│я┌п╡п╬п╡п╟п╡я┬п╦п╣ я─п╟п╫п╣п╣ п╡ я└п╟п╧п╩п╣ sources.list я│я┌я─п╬п╨п╦ deb, п©п╬я│я┌п╟п╡п╦п╡ п╡ п╫п╟я┤п╟п╩п╣ п╨п╟п╤п╢п╬п╧ я│я┌я─п╬п╨п╦ п╥п╫п╟п╨ п╢п╦п╣п╥п╟ (#).

4.2.3 Adding APT source from CD-ROM

п∙я│п╩п╦ п╡я▀ я┘п╬я┌п╦я┌п╣ п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥п╬п╡п╟я┌я▄ я┌п╬п╩я▄п╨п╬ п╨п╬п╪п©п╟п╨я┌-п╢п╦я│п╨п╦, п╥п╟п╨п╬п╪п╪п╣п╫я┌п╦я─я┐п╧я┌п╣ п╡я│п╣ п©я─п╦я│я┐я┌я│я┌п╡я┐я▌я┴п╦п╣ п╡ я└п╟п╧п╩п╣ /etc/apt/sources.list я│я┌я─п╬п╨п╦ deb, п©п╬я│я┌п╟п╡п╦п╡ п╡ п╫п╟я┤п╟п╩п╣ п╨п╟п╤п╢п╬п╧ я│я┌я─п╬п╨п╦ п╥п╫п╟п╨ п╢п╦п╣п╥п╟ (#).

Make sure there is a line in /etc/fstab that enables mounting your CD-ROM drive at the /cdrom mount point (the exact /cdrom mount point is required for apt-cdrom). For example, if /dev/hdc is your CD-ROM drive, /etc/fstab should contain a line like:

     /dev/hdc /cdrom auto defaults,noauto,ro 0 0

п·п╠я─п╟я┌п╦я┌п╣ п╡п╫п╦п╪п╟п╫п╦п╣ п╫п╟ я┌п╬, я┤я┌п╬ п╪п╣п╤п╢я┐ я│п╩п╬п╡п╟п╪п╦ defaults,noauto,ro п╡ я┤п╣я┌п╡я▒я─я┌п╬п╪ п©п╬п╩п╣ я│я┌я─п╬п╨п╦ п╫п╣ п╢п╬п╩п╤п╫п╬ п╠я▀я┌я▄ п©я─п╬п╠п╣п╩п╬п╡.

To verify it works, insert a CD and try running

     mount /cdrom   # this will mount the CD to the mount point
     ls -alF /cdrom # this should show the CD's root directory
     umount /cdrom  # this will unmount the CD

Next, run:

     apt-cdrom add

for each Debian Binary CD-ROM you have, to add the data about each CD to APT's database.

4.3 п·п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╬п╡

п■п╩я▐ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦я▐ Debian GNU/Linux п╢п╬ п╫п╬п╡п╬пЁп╬ п╡я▀п©я┐я│п╨п╟ я─п╣п╨п╬п╪п╣п╫п╢я┐п╣я┌я│я▐ п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥п╬п╡п╟я┌я▄ п©я─п╬пЁя─п╟п╪п╪я┐ я┐п©я─п╟п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦я▐ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╟п╪п╦ aptitude. п╜я┌п╬я┌ п╦п╫я│я┌я─я┐п╪п╣п╫я┌ п©я─п╦п╫п╦п╪п╟п╣я┌ п╠п╬п╩п╣п╣ п╠п╣п╥п╬п©п╟я│п╫я▀п╣ я─п╣я┬п╣п╫п╦я▐ п╬п╠ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╨п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╬п╡, я┤п╣п╪ п©я─п╦ п╫п╣п©п╬я│я─п╣п╢я│я┌п╡п╣п╫п╫п╬п╪ п╥п╟п©я┐я│п╨п╣ apt-get.

Don't forget to mount all needed partitions (notably the root and /usr partitions) read-write, with a command like:

     mount -o remount,rw /mountpoint

п÷п╬я│п╩п╣ я█я┌п╬пЁп╬ я┐п╠п╣п╢п╦я┌п╣я│я▄ п╡ я┌п╬п╪, я┤я┌п╬ п╦я│я┌п╬я┤п╫п╦п╨п╦, я┐п╨п╟п╥п╟п╫п╫я▀п╣ п╡ я└п╟п╧п╩п╣ /etc/apt/sources.list, я│я│я▀п╩п╟я▌я┌я│я▐ п╫п╟ я│я┌п╟п╠п╦п╩я▄п╫я▀п╧ (stable) п╢п╦я│я┌я─п╦п╠я┐я┌п╦п╡ п╦ п╫п╣ я│я│я▀п╩п╟я▌я┌я│я▐ п╫п╟ п╢п╦я│я┌я─п╦п╠я┐я┌п╦п╡ п©п╬ п╨п╬п╢п╬п╡п╬п╪я┐ п╦п╪п╣п╫п╦ (п╫п╟п©я─п╦п╪п╣я─, woody).

It is strongly recommended that you use the /usr/bin/script program to record a transcript of the upgrade session. Then if a problem occurs, you will have a log of what happened, and if needed, can provide exact information in a bug report. To start the recording, type:

     script -a ~/upgrade-to-sarge.typescript

or similar. Do not put the typescript file in a temporary directory such as /tmp or /var/tmp (files in those directories may be deleted during the upgrade or during any restart).

п║п╫п╟я┤п╟п╩п╟ п©я─п╬пЁя─п╟п╪п╪п╣ aptitude п╫я┐п╤п╣п╫ я│п©п╦я│п╬п╨ п╫п╬п╡я▀я┘ п╦ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩я▒п╫п╫я▀я┘ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╬п╡ п╫п╬п╡п╬пЁп╬ п╡я▀п©я┐я│п╨п╟. п∙пЁп╬ п╪п╬п╤п╫п╬ п©п╬п╩я┐я┤п╦я┌я▄ п╨п╬п╪п╟п╫п╢п╬п╧

     aptitude update

Once aptitude has information on all the available packages, the system is almost ready to be fully upgraded. First however the doc-base package must be upgraded if it is installed. You can find out if it is installed using:

     dpkg -l doc-base

п∙я│п╩п╦ п©п╣я─п╡п╟я▐ п╠я┐п╨п╡п╟ п╡ п╫п╟п©п╣я┤п╟я┌п╟п╫п╫п╬п╧ я│я┌я─п╬п╨п╣ - "i", я┌п╬ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫ п╦ п╢п╬п╩п╤п╣п╫ п╠я▀я┌я▄ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩я▒п╫ п╡ п©п╣я─п╡я┐я▌ п╬я┤п╣я─п╣п╢я▄.

     aptitude install doc-base

п╒п╣п©п╣я─я▄ п╪п╬п╤п╫п╬ п©я─п╦я│я┌я┐п©п╦я┌я▄ я│п╬п╠я│я┌п╡п╣п╫п╫п╬ п╨ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦я▌. п▓я▀п©п╬п╩п╫п╦я┌п╣ п╨п╬п╪п╟п╫п╢я┐

     aptitude -f --with-recommends dist-upgrade

п╜я┌п╟ п╨п╬п╪п╟п╫п╢п╟ п©я─п╬п╦п╥п╡п╣п╢я▒я┌ п©п╬п╩п╫п╬п╣ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣ я│п╦я│я┌п╣п╪я▀, я┌.п╣. я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╨я┐ п©п╬я│п╩п╣п╢п╫п╦я┘ п╢п╬я│я┌я┐п©п╫я▀я┘ п╡п╣я─я│п╦п╧ п╡я│п╣я┘ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╬п╡ п╦ я─п╟п╥я─п╣я┬п╣п╫п╦п╣ п╡я│п╣я┘ п╦п╥п╪п╣п╫п╦п╡я┬п╦я┘я│я▐ п╪п╣п╤п╢я┐ п╡я▀п©я┐я│п╨п╟п╪п╦ п╥п╟п╡п╦я│п╦п╪п╬я│я┌п╣п╧. п÷я─п╦ п╫п╣п╬п╠я┘п╬п╢п╦п╪п╬я│я┌п╦ п╬п╫п╟ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╦я┌ п╫п╬п╡я▀п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌я▀ (п╬п╠я▀я┤п╫п╬ я█я┌п╬ п╫п╬п╡я▀п╣ п╡п╣я─я│п╦п╦ п╠п╦п╠п╩п╦п╬я┌п╣п╨ п╦п╩п╦ п©п╣я─п╣п╦п╪п╣п╫п╬п╡п╟п╫п╫я▀п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌я▀) п╦ я┐п╢п╟п╩п╦я┌ п╡я│п╣ п╡я▀п╥я▀п╡п╟я▌я┴п╦п╣ п╨п╬п╫я└п╩п╦п╨я┌я▀ я┐я│я┌п╟я─п╣п╡я┬п╦п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌я▀ (я┌п╟п╨п╦п╣ п╨п╟п╨ console-tools-libs).

п÷я─п╦ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╦ я│ п╫п╟п╠п╬я─п╟ п╨п╬п╪п©п╟п╨я┌-п╢п╦я│п╨п╬п╡ я│п╦я│я┌п╣п╪п╟ п╫п╣я│п╨п╬п╩я▄п╨п╬ я─п╟п╥ п©п╬п©я─п╬я│п╦я┌ п╡п╟я│ п╡я│я┌п╟п╡п╦я┌я▄ п╡ п©я─п╦п╡п╬п╢ я│п╬п╬я┌п╡п╣я┌я│я┌п╡я┐я▌я┴п╦п╧ п╢п╦я│п╨. п▓п╬п╥п╪п╬п╤п╫п╬, п╡п╟п╪ п©я─п╦п╢я▒я┌я│я▐ п╡я│я┌п╟п╡п╩я▐я┌я▄ п╬п╢п╦п╫ п╢п╦я│п╨ п©п╬ п╫п╣я│п╨п╬п╩я▄п╨я┐ я─п╟п╥, я█я┌п╬ п╡я▀п╥п╡п╟п╫п╬ я┌п╣п╪, я┤я┌п╬ п╡п╥п╟п╦п╪п╬я│п╡я▐п╥п╟п╫п╫я▀п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌я▀ п╪п╬пЁя┐я┌ п╫п╟я┘п╬п╢п╦я┌я│я▐ п╫п╟ я─п╟п╥п╫я▀я┘ п╢п╦я│п╨п╟я┘.

New versions of currently installed packages that cannot be upgraded without changing the install status of another package will be left at their current version (displayed as "held back"). This can be resolved by either using aptitude to choose these packages for installation or by trying aptitude -f install package.

п÷п╟я─п╟п╪п╣я┌я─ --fix-broken (п╦п╩п╦ п©я─п╬я│я┌п╬ -f) п©я─п╦п╡п╣п╢я▒я┌ п╨ я┌п╬п╪я┐, я┤я┌п╬ apt п╠я┐п╢п╣я┌ п©я▀я┌п╟я┌я▄я│я▐ я│я─п╟п╥я┐ п╦я│п©я─п╟п╡п╩я▐я┌я▄ п╫п╟я─я┐я┬п╣п╫п╫я▀п╣ п╥п╟п╡п╦я│п╦п╪п╬я│я┌п╦. п║п╦я│я┌п╣п╪п╟ apt п╫п╣ п©п╬п╥п╡п╬п╩я▐п╣я┌, я┤я┌п╬п╠я▀ п╨п╟п╨п╦п╣-п╩п╦п╠п╬ п╥п╟п╡п╦я│п╦п╪п╬я│я┌п╦ п╡ я│п╦я│я┌п╣п╪п╣ п╠я▀п╩п╦ п╫п╣ я┐п╢п╬п╡п╩п╣я┌п╡п╬я─п╣п╫я▀.

4.3.1 Possible issues during upgrade

If an operation using aptitude, apt-get or dpkg fails with the error

     E: Dynamic MMap ran out of room

the default cache space is insufficient. You can solve this by either removing or commenting lines you don't need in /etc/apt/sources.list or by increasing the cache size. The cache size can be increased by setting APT::Cache-Limit in /etc/apt/apt.conf. The following command will set it to a value that should be sufficient for the upgrade:

     echo 'APT::Cache-Limit "12500000";' >> /etc/apt/apt.conf

This assumes that you do not yet have this variable set in that file.

п≤п╫п╬пЁп╢п╟ п╫п╣п╬п╠я┘п╬п╢п╦п╪п╬ п╟п╨я┌п╦п╡п╦п╥п╦я─п╬п╡п╟я┌я▄ п©п╟я─п╟п╪п╣я┌я─ APT::Force-LoopBreak, я┤я┌п╬п╠я▀ я─п╟п╥я─п╣я┬п╦я┌я▄ п╡я─п╣п╪п╣п╫п╫п╬п╣ я┐п╢п╟п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╟ п©п╣я─п╡п╬п╧ п╫п╣п╬п╠я┘п╬п╢п╦п╪п╬я│я┌п╦ п©я─п╦ п╡п╬п╥п╫п╦п╨п╫п╬п╡п╣п╫п╦п╦ я├п╦п╨п╩п╦я┤п╣я│п╨п╬п╧ п╥п╟п╡п╦я│п╦п╪п╬я│я┌п╦ я┌п╦п©п╟ п╨п╬п╫я└п╩п╦п╨я┌/я┌я─п╣п╠п╬п╡п╟п╫п╦п╣ п©я─п╣п╢п╡п╟я─п╦я┌п╣п╩я▄п╫п╬п╧ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╨п╦. п÷я─п╬пЁя─п╟п╪п╪п╟ aptitude я│п╬п╬п╠я┴п╦я┌ п╬п╠ я█я┌п╬п╪ п╦ п©я─п╣п╨я─п╟я┌п╦я┌ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣. п╖я┌п╬п╠я▀ я─п╣я┬п╦я┌я▄ я█я┌я┐ п©я─п╬п╠п╩п╣п╪я┐, я│п╩п╣п╢я┐п╣я┌ я┐п╨п╟п╥п╟я┌я▄ п╡ п╨п╬п╪п╟п╫п╢п╫п╬п╧ я│я┌я─п╬п╨п╣ aptitude п©п╟я─п╟п╪п╣я┌я─ -o APT::Force-LoopBreak=1.

It is possible that a system's dependency structure can be so corrupt as to require manual intervention. Usually this means using aptitude or

     dpkg --remove packagename

to eliminate some of the offending packages, or

     aptitude --fix-broken install
     dpkg --configure --pending

In extreme cases you might have to force re-installation with a command like

     dpkg --install /path/to/packagename.deb

After fixing things up, you should be able to resume the upgrade by repeating the previously described aptitude commands.

During the upgrade, you will be asked questions regarding the configuration or re-configuration of several packages. When you are asked if any file in the /etc/init.d or /etc/terminfo directories, or the /etc/manpath.config file should be replaced by the package maintainer's version, it's usually necessary to answer `yes' to ensure system consistency. You can always revert to the old versions, since they will be saved with a .dpkg-old extension.

п∙я│п╩п╦ п╡я▀ п╫п╣ я┐п╡п╣я─п╣п╫я▀ п╡ я┌п╬п╪, я┤я┌п╬ п╫я┐п╤п╫п╬ п╢п╣п╩п╟я┌я▄, п╥п╟п©п╦я┬п╦я┌п╣ п╦п╪я▐ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╟ п╦п╩п╦ я└п╟п╧п╩п╟ п╦ я─п╟п╥п╠п╣я─п╦я┌п╣я│я▄ я│ п©я─п╬п╠п╩п╣п╪п╬п╧ п©п╬п╥п╢п╫п╣п╣. п≤п╫я└п╬я─п╪п╟я├п╦я▌, п╡я▀п╡п╬п╢п╦п╡я┬я┐я▌я│я▐ п╫п╟ я█п╨я─п╟п╫ п╡п╬ п╡я─п╣п╪я▐ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦я▐, п╡я▀ я│п╪п╬п╤п╣я┌п╣ п╫п╟п╧я┌п╦ п╡ я└п╟п╧п╩п╣ я┌я─п╟п╫я│п╨я─п╦п©я┌п╟.

4.3.2 п÷п╣я─п╣п╢ п©п╣я─п╣п╥п╟пЁя─я┐п╥п╨п╬п╧

п п╬пЁп╢п╟ п╨п╬п╪п╟п╫п╢п╟ aptitude dist-upgrade п╥п╟п╨п╬п╫я┤п╦п╩п╟ я─п╟п╠п╬я┌я┐, я└п╬я─п╪п╟п╩я▄п╫п╬ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣ п╥п╟п╡п╣я─я┬п╣п╫п╬, п╫п╬ п©п╣я─п╣п╢ п©п╣я─п╣п╥п╟пЁя─я┐п╥п╨п╬п╧ я│п╩п╣п╢я┐п╣я┌ п©я─п╬п╢п╣п╩п╟я┌я▄ п╣я┴я▒ п╫п╣я│п╨п╬п╩я▄п╨п╬ п╢п╣п╧я│я┌п╡п╦п╧.

Read /usr/share/doc/xfree86-common/README.Debian-upgrade.gz for more info on the upgrade of the X window system packages. This is relevant for users of all previous Debian releases. In short, you need to read it.

4.3.2.1 п·п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣ я▐п╢я─п╟

Note that the Linux kernel was not upgraded by these procedures. You may wish to do so yourself, either by installing one of the kernel-image-* packages or by compiling a customized kernel from sources.

Debian GNU/Linux п©п╬я│я┌п╟п╡п╩я▐п╣я┌я│я▐ я│ я▐п╢я─п╬п╪ 2.4.27 п╦п╥ я│п╣я─п╦п╦ 2.4, я│я┌п╟я─п╬п╧ я│я┌п╟п╠п╦п╩я▄п╫п╬п╧ я│п╣я─п╦п╦ я▐п╢п╣я─. п▓п╬п╥п╪п╬п╤п╫п╬, п╡я▀ п╥п╟я┘п╬я┌п╦я┌п╣ п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥п╬п╡п╟я┌я▄ я▐п╢я─п╬ я│п╣я─п╦п╦ 2.6, п╩я┐я┤я┬п╣ п©п╬п╢п╢п╣я─п╤п╦п╡п╟я▌я┴п╣п╣ я─п╟п╥п╩п╦я┤п╫я▀п╣ я┐я│я┌я─п╬п╧я│я┌п╡п╟ п╦ п╬п╠п╩п╟п╢п╟я▌я┴п╣п╣ я┐п╩я┐я┤я┬п╣п╫п╫п╬п╧ п©я─п╬п╦п╥п╡п╬п╢п╦я┌п╣п╩я▄п╫п╬я│я┌я▄я▌.

п°я▀ п╫п╟я│я┌п╬я▐я┌п╣п╩я▄п╫п╬ п╫п╣ я─п╣п╨п╬п╪п╣п╫п╢я┐п╣п╪ п╡п╟п╪ п╪п╣п╫я▐я┌я▄ я▐п╢я─п╬ п╬п╢п╫п╬п╡я─п╣п╪п╣п╫п╫п╬ я│ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣п╪ п╡я│п╣п╧ я│п╦я│я┌п╣п╪я▀ woody п╫п╟ sarge. п²п╣п╨п╬я┌п╬я─я▀п╣ п©я─п╬п╠п╩п╣п╪я▀ п©п╣я─п╣я┘п╬п╢п╟ п╫п╟ я▐п╢я─п╬ 2.6 п╬п©п╦я│п╟п╫я▀ п╡ я─п╟п╥п╢п╣п╩п╣ Upgrading to a 2.6 kernel, раздел 5.2.

To upgrade your kernel you must first choose the kernel most appropriate for your subarchitecture. A list of kernels available for you to install can be found with:

     apt-cache search ^kernel-image

You should then use aptitude install to install it. Once this new kernel is installed you should reboot at the next available opportunity to get the benefit.

п║п╩п╣п╢я┐п╣я┌ п╥п╟п╪п╣я┌п╦я┌я▄, я┤я┌п╬ я│п╦cя┌п╣п╪п╟ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╨п╦ woody п╦ п╠п╬п╩п╣п╣ я│я┌п╟я─я▀я┘ п╡я▀п©я┐я│п╨п╬п╡ п╫п╣ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╟п╡п╩п╦п╡п╟п╩п╟ я▐п╢я─п╬ п╡ п╨п╟я┤п╣я│я┌п╡п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╟ п╡ п╡п╟я┬я┐ я│п╦я│я┌п╣п╪я┐. п▓ sarge я│п╦я┌я┐п╟я├п╦я▐ п╦п╥п╪п╣п╫п╦п╩п╟я│я▄, я┌п╣п©п╣я─я▄ п╡я▀ п╪п╬п╤п╣я┌п╣ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╟п╡п╩п╦п╡п╟я┌я▄ п©я│п╣п╡п╢п╬п©п╟п╨п╣я┌я▀ я┤я┌п╬п╠я▀ п╬я┌я│п╩п╣п╤п╦п╡п╟я┌я▄ я│п╪п╣п╫я┐ я▐п╢п╣я─. п╜я┌п╦ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌я▀ п╠я┐п╢я┐я┌ п╦п╪п╣я┌я▄ п╦п╪п╣п╫п╟ п╡п╦п╢п╟ kernel-image-п▓п∙п═п║п≤п╞-п░п═п╔п≤п╒п∙п п╒пёп═п░, пЁп╢п╣ п▓п∙п═п║п≤п╞ - п╫п╬п╪п╣я─ п╡п╣я─я│п╦п╦ я▐п╢я─п╟ (2.4 п╦п╩п╦ 2.6), п╟ п░п═п╔п≤п╒п∙п п╒пёп═п░ - п╩я▌п╠п╟я▐ п╦п╥ п©п╬п╢п╢п╣я─п╤п╦п╡п╟п╣п╪я▀я┘ п╟я─я┘п╦я┌п╣п╨я┌я┐я─.

For the more adventurous there is an easy way to compile your own custom kernel on Debian GNU/Linux. Install the kernel-package tool and read the documentation in /usr/share/doc/kernel-package.

4.4 пёя│я┌п╟я─п╣п╡я┬п╦п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌я▀

п▓п╪п╣я│я┌п╣ я│ п©п╬я▐п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣п╪ п╢п╣п╡я▐я┌п╦ я┌я▀я│я▐я┤ п╫п╬п╡я▀я┘ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╬п╡, п╠п╬п╩п╣п╣ п╢п╡я┐я┘ я┌я▀я│я▐я┤ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╬п╡ п╦п╥ я│п╬я│я┌п╟п╡п╟ woody я│ п©п╬я▐п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣п╪ sarge я┐я│я┌п╟я─п╣п╡п╟я▌я┌. пёя│я┌п╟я─п╣п╡я┬п╦п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌я▀ п╫п╣ п╡п╩я▌я┤п╣п╫я▀ п╡ sarge п╦ п╫п╣ п╠п╬п╩я▄я┬п╣ п╠я┐п╢я┐я┌ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩я▐я┌я▄я│я▐. п²п╦я┤я┌п╬ п╫п╣ п╪п╣я┬п╟п╣я┌ п╡п╟п╪ п©я─п╬п╢п╬п╩п╤п╦я┌я▄ п©п╬п╩я▄п╥п╬п╡п╟я┌я▄я│я▐ я█я┌п╦п╪п╦ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╟п╪п╦, п╫п╬ п©я─п╦п╠п╩п╦п╥п╦я┌п╣п╩я▄п╫п╬ я┤п╣я─п╣п╥ пЁп╬п╢ [1] п©п╬я│п╩п╣ п╡я▀я┘п╬п╢п╟ sarge п╨п╬п╪п╟п╫п╢п╟ п╠п╣п╥п╬п©п╟я│п╫п╬я│я┌п╦ п©я─п╣п╨я─п╟я┌п╦я┌ п╡я▀п©я┐я│п╨п╟я┌я▄ п╢п╩я▐ п╫п╦я┘ п╦я│п©я─п╟п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦я▐. п°я▀ я─п╣п╨п╬п╪п╣п╫п╢я┐п╣п╪ п©п╣я─п╣п╧я┌п╦ п╫п╟ п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥п╬п╡п╟п╫п╦п╣ п╟п╩я▄я┌п╣я─п╫п╟я┌п╦п╡п╫я▀я┘ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╬п╡, п╣я│п╩п╦ п╣я│я┌я▄ я┌п╟п╨п╟я▐ п╡п╬п╥п╪п╬п╤п╫п╬я│я┌я▄.

п÷п╟п╨п╣я┌ п╪п╬п╤п╣я┌ п╠я▀я┌я▄ я┐п╢п╟п╩я▒п╫ п╦п╥ п╢п╦я│я┌я─п╦п╠я┐я┌п╦п╡п╟ п©п╬ п╪п╫п╬пЁп╦п╪ п©я─п╦я┤п╦п╫п╟п╪: я─п╟п╥я─п╟п╠п╬я┌п╨п╟ п©я─п╬пЁя─п╟п╪п╪я▀ п©я─п╣п╨я─п╟я┴п╣п╫п╟, п©п╟п╨п╣я┌ п╫п╣ п╦п╫я┌п╣я─п╣я│п╣п╫ п╫п╦п╨п╬п╪я┐ п╦п╥ я─п╟п╥я─п╟п╠п╬я┌я┤п╦п╨п╬п╡ Debian, п©я─п╬пЁя─п╟п╪п╪п╟ п╡я▀я┌п╣я│п╫п╣п╫п╟ п╢я─я┐пЁп╬п╧, п╠п╬п╩п╣п╣ я└я┐п╫п╨я├п╦п╬п╫п╟п╩я▄п╫п╬п╧ (п╢я─я┐пЁп╬п╧ п╡п╣я─я│п╦п╦ п╦п╩п╦ п╬я┌ п╢я─я┐пЁп╦я┘ я─п╟п╥я─п╟п╠п╬я┌я┤п╦п╨п╬п╡). п▓п╬п╥п╪п╬п╤п╫п╬, п©п╟п╨п╣я┌ я│п╬п╢п╣я─п╤п╦я┌ п╬я┬п╦п╠п╨п╦, п╦п╥-п╥п╟ п╨п╬я┌п╬я─я▀я┘ п©п╬п╨п╟ п╫п╣ п╪п╬п╤п╣я┌ п╠я▀я┌я▄ п╡п╨п╩я▌я┤я▒п╫ п╡ sarge, п╡ я█я┌п╬п╪ я│п╩я┐я┤п╟п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌ п╡я│я▒-я┌п╟п╨п╦ п╢п╬я│я┌я┐п©п╣п╫ п╡ п╫п╣я│я┌п╟п╠п╦п╩я▄п╫п╬п╪ ("unstable") п╢п╦я│я┌я─п╦п╠я┐я┌п╦п╡п╣.

Detecting which packages in an updated system are "obsolete" is easy since the package management front-ends will mark them as such. If you are using aptitude, you will see a listing of these packages in the "Obsolete and Locally Created Packages" entry. dselect provides a similar section but the listing it presents might differ. Also, if you have used aptitude to manually install packages in woody it will have kept track of those packages you manually installed and will be able to mark as obsolete those packages pulled in by dependencies alone which are no longer needed if a package has been removed. Also, aptitude, unlike deborphan will not mark as obsolete packages that you manually installed, as opposed to those that were automaticaly installed through dependancies.

п║я┐я┴п╣я│я┌п╡я┐я▌я┌ п╦ п╢я─я┐пЁп╦п╣ п╦п╫я│я┌я─я┐п╪п╣п╫я┌я▀ п╢п╩я▐ п╬п©я─п╣п╢п╣п╩п╣п╫п╦я▐ п╫п╣п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥я┐п╣п╪я▀я┘ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╬п╡, п╡ п╦я┘ я┤п╦я│п╩п╬ п╡я┘п╬п╢я▐я┌ deborphan, debfoster п╦ cruft. п║п╬п╡п╣я┌я┐п╣п╪ п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥п╬п╡п╟я┌я▄ deborphan, я┘п╬я┌я▐ п©п╬ я┐п╪п╬п╩я┤п╟п╫п╦я▌ п╬п╫ п╦я┴п╣я┌ я┌п╬п╩я▄п╨п╬ п╫п╣п╫я┐п╤п╫я▀п╣ п╠п╦п╠п╩п╦п╬я┌п╣п╨п╦ (п©п╟п╨п╣я┌я▀ п╡ я│п╣п╨я├п╦я▐я┘ "libs" п╦ "oldlibs", п╬я┌ п╨п╬я┌п╬я─я▀я┘ п╫п╣ п╥п╟п╡п╦я│п╦я┌ п╫п╦ п╬п╢п╦п╫ п╢я─я┐пЁп╬п╧ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌). п²п╣ я┐п╢п╟п╩я▐п╧я┌п╣ п©п╬п╢я─я▐п╢ п╡я│п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌я▀, п╫п╟п╧п╢п╣п╫п╫я▀п╣ я┌п╟п╨п╦п╪п╦ п╦п╫я│я┌я─я┐п╪п╣п╫я┌п╟п╪п╦ (п╡ п╬я│п╬п╠п╣п╫п╫п╬я│я┌п╦п╣я│п╩п╦ п©я─п╦ п╥п╟п©я┐я│п╨п╣ п╡я▀ я┐п╨п╟п╥п╟п╩п╦ п╬п©я├п╦п╦, п╬я┌п╩п╦я┤п╫я▀п╣ п╬я┌ п╬п©я├п╦п╧ п©п╬ я┐п╪п╬п╩я┤п╟п╫п╦я▌), я┤я┌п╬п╠я▀ п╫п╣ я┐п╢п╟п╩п╦я┌я▄ я┤п╣пЁп╬-п╫п╦п╠я┐я┌я▄ п╫я┐п╤п╫п╬пЁп╬. п²п╟я│я┌п╬я▐я┌п╣п╩я▄п╫п╬ я─п╣п╨п╬п╪п╣п╫п╢я┐п╣п╪ п©п╣я─п╣п╢ я┐п╢п╟п╩п╣п╫п╦п╣п╪ п╡п╫п╦п╪п╟я┌п╣п╩я▄п╫п╬ п©я─п╬я│п╪п╬я┌я─п╣я┌я▄ я│п©п╦я│п╬п╨ п©я─п╣п╢п╩п╬п╤п╣п╫п╫я▀я┘ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╬п╡ (п©я─п╬я┤п╣я│я┌я▄ п╬п©п╦я│п╟п╫п╦п╣, п©п╬я│п╪п╬я┌я─п╣я┌я▄ п╡я┘п╬п╢я▐я┴п╦п╣ я└п╟п╧п╩я▀).

п▓ я│п╦я│я┌п╣п╪п╣ п╬я┌я│п╩п╣п╤п╦п╡п╟п╫п╦я▐ п╬я┬п╦п╠п╬п╨ Debian п╥п╟я┤п╟я│я┌я┐я▌ я│п╬п╢п╣я─п╤п╦я┌я│я▐ п╢п╬п©п╬п╩п╫п╦я┌п╣п╩я▄п╫п╟я▐ п╦п╫я└п╬я─п╪п╟я├п╦я▐ п╬ п©я─п╦я┤п╦п╫п╟я┘ я┐п╢п╟п╩п╣п╫п╦я▐ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╟. п÷я─п╬я│п╪п╬я┌я─п╦я┌п╣ п╟я─я┘п╦п╡ я│п╬п╬п╠я┴п╣п╫п╦п╧ п╬п╠ п╬я┬п╦п╠п╨п╟я┘ п╢п╩я▐ п╦п╫я┌п╣я─п╣я│я┐п╣я┴п╣пЁп╬ п╡п╟я│ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╟ п╦ п╢п╩я▐ п©я│п╣п╡п╢п╬-п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╟ ftp.debian.orge

4.4.1 п÷п╟п╨п╣я┌я▀-п©я┐я│я┌я▀я┬п╨п╦

п°п╫п╬пЁп╦п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌я▀ п╦п╥ woody п╡ sarge п╠я▀п╩п╦ п©п╬п╢п╣п╩п╣п╫я▀ п╫п╟ п╫п╣я│п╨п╬п╩я▄п╨п╬ я─п╟п╥п╫я▀я┘ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╬п╡, я┤п╟я┴п╣ п╡я│п╣пЁп╬ я┤я┌п╬п╠я▀ п╬п╠п╩п╣пЁя┤п╦я┌я▄ п©п╬п╢п╢п╣я─п╤п╨я┐ я│п╦я│я┌п╣п╪я▀. п■п╩я▐ п©я─п╬я│я┌п╬я┌я▀ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦я▐ п╡ я│п╬я│я┌п╟п╡ sarge п╫п╣я─п╣п╢п╨п╬ п╡я┘п╬п╢п╦я┌ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌-"п©я┐я│я┌я▀я┬п╨п╟" (п©я┐я│я┌п╬п╧ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌ я│ п╦п╪п╣п╫п╣п╪ я│я┌п╟я─п╬пЁп╬ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╟ п╦п╥ woody). п╒п╟п╨п╬п╧ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌ п©я─п╦ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╨п╣ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╟п╡п╩п╦п╡п╟п╣я┌ п╫п╬п╡я▀п╣ п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╬п╡, п╬я┌ п╨п╬я┌п╬я─я▀я┘ п╥п╟п╡п╦я│п╦я┌. п║я─п╟п╥я┐ п╤п╣ п©п╬я│п╩п╣ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╨п╦ "п©я┐я│я┌я▀я┬п╨п╦" я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡я▐я┌я│я▐ п╫п╣п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥я┐п╣п╪я▀п╪п╦ п╦ п╦я┘ п╪п╬п╤п╫п╬ я│п©п╬п╨п╬п╧п╫п╬ я┐п╢п╟п╩я▐я┌я▄.

п▓ п╬п©п╦я│п╟п╫п╦п╦ п╠п╬п╩я▄я┬п╦п╫я│я┌п╡п╟ (п╫п╬ п╫п╣ п╡я│п╣я┘) п©п╟п╨п╣я┌п╬п╡-п©я┐я│я┌я▀я┬п╣п╨ я▐я│п╫п╬ я┐п╨п╟п╥п╟п╫п╬ п╦я┘ п©я─п╣п╢п╫п╟п╥п╫п╟я┤п╣п╫п╦п╣. п  я│п╬п╤п╟п╩п╣п╫п╦я▌, п╫п╦п╨п╟п╨п╦я┘ п©я─п╟п╡п╦п╩ п╢п╩я▐ п╬п©п╦я│п╟п╫п╦я▐ п©я┐я│я┌я▀я┬п╣п╨ п╫п╣я┌, п©п╬я█я┌п╬п╪я┐ п╢п╩я▐ п╦я┘ п╬п╠п╫п╟я─я┐п╤п╣п╫п╦я▐ п╡п╟п╪ п©п╬п╤п╣я┌ п©я─п╦пЁп╬п╢п╦я┌я▄я│я▐ deborphan я│ п╬п©я├п╦п╣п╧ --guess. п²п╣п╨п╬я┌п╬я─я▀п╣ п©я┐я│я┌я▀я┬п╨п╦ я┐п╢п╟п╩я▐я┌я▄ п©п╬я│п╩п╣ п╬п╠п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╦я▐ п╫п╣ п╫я┐п╤п╫п╬, я┌п╟п╨ п╨п╟п╨ п╬п╫п╦ п╡п©п╬я│п╩п╣п╢я│я┌п╡п╦п╦ п╦я│п©п╬п╩я▄п╥я┐я▌я┌я│я▐ п╢п╩я▐ п╬п©я─п╣п╢п╣п╩п╣п╫п╦я▐ я┐я│я┌п╟п╫п╬п╡п╩п╣п╫п╫п╬п╧ п╡п╣я─я│п╦п╦ п©я─п╬пЁя─п╟п╪п╪я▀.

п≤п╫я└п╬я─п╪п╟я├п╦я▐ п╬ п╡я▀п©я┐я│п╨п╣ Debian GNU/Linux 3.1 (`sarge') п╢п╩я▐ п╟я─я┘п╦я┌п╣п╨я┌я┐я─я▀ Alpha